Certification in Ophthalmology requires candidates to demonstrate knowledge in medical and surgical diseases of the eye. Candidates should be prepared to demonstrate knowledge in the areas of anatomy, contact lenses, cornea, electrophysiology, external disease, eyelids, general medicine (diabetes, hypertension, etc.), glaucoma, immunology, intraocular inflammation and uveitis, intraocular tumors, keratorefractive surgery, lacrimal apparatus, laser, lens and cataracts, microbiology, neuro-ophthalmology, ocular drug toxicity, ocular examination and diagnostic tests, ocular manifestations of systemic disease, ocular trauma, ophthalmic pathology, orbit, pediatric ophthalmology, pharmacology, physiology, radiology and imaging, retina, strabismus, and vitreous.<br>